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Review Test 2 AP II

Urinary & Respiratory

Nephron
 

Urinary System

  1. Know all of the functions of the kidney
  1. Know urine formation occurs in the nephron and collecting duct.  You must know its anatomy and the functions of each and every section of the nephron.

In order to aid in you ability to answer questions on the test be prepared to draw and label a nephron.

  1. Know the function of a nephron.
  1. Know the parts of a nephron.
    1. Glomerulus
    1. Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
    1. Renal corpuscle
    1. Proximal Tubule
    1. Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
    1. Ascending Limp of the Loop of Henle
    1. Collecting Duct
    1. Peritubular capillaries
    1. Afferent arteriole
    1. Efferent arteriole
  1. Know the exact sequence of these structures
  1. Know what happens at the:
    1. Glomerulus
    1. Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
    1. Proximal Tubule
    1. Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
    1. Ascending Limp of the Loop of Henle
    1. Collecting Duct
    1. Peritubular capillaries
  1. Know what sites the following mechanisms of transport are used.
    1. Active transport
    1. Osmosis
    1. Facilitated transport
    1. Diffusion
    1. Hydrostatic pressure
  1. Know where each of these stages in urine formation occur and what mechanism is involved.
    1. Glomerular filtration
    1. Tubular absorption
    1. Tubular secretion
  1. Know what creates the osmotic gradient at the loop of Henle. 
  1. Know where the in the kidney (region) that the osmotic gradient occurs.
  1. Know what is meant by the countercurrent mechanism.
  1. Know where in the loop of Henle H20 and Na+ are moved and how.
  1. Know what the term Tm means and what happens when a substance in the fluid is higher than its Tm.
  1. Know what factors affect the glomerular filtration rate.
  1. Know how high and low blood pressure affect the glomerular filtration rate
  1. Know what hydrostatic pressure is and how it affects glomerular filtration rate
  1. Know how vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the afferent and efferent arterioles affect the glomerular filtration rate.
  1. Know where in the nephron most material including glucose is absorbed.
  1. Know the location and the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
  1. Know what structures are involved in the formation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
  1. Know how the juxtaglomerular apparatus controls the rate of filtrate formation.
  1. Know how ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) works.

Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance

  1. Know what electrolytes are.
  1. Know what the relationship is between electrolytes and water
  1. Know what the relationship is between CO2, H+ and pH
  1. Know this reaction:

CO2  + H20  ® H2CO3 ® H+  + HCO3-

In order to answer some of the questions you will want to be able to write this out. Understand how this changes if you breathe fast or if you hold you breath.

  1. Know what happens when CO2 or H+ is removed from this equation.
  1. Know how this relates to pH.
  1. Know what a buffer is.
  1. Know how the kidneys and respiratory system affect blood pH.

Respiratory 

  1. Know what the volumes and the capacities of the lung are.

a.      Tidal Volume

    1. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
    1. Expiratory Reserve Volume
    1. Residual Volume
  1. Know how these volumes are graphed.
  1. Know what internal respiration is, where it occurs, and what happens to carbon dioxide and oxygen.
  1. Know what external respiration is, where it occurs, and what happen to carbon dioxide and oxygen
  1. Know what mechanism that causes the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.            (ie active transport, facilitated diffusion, etc)
  1. Know where the greatest amount of surface area for gas exchange can be found.
  1. Know what structures make up the respiratory membranes.
  1. Know is the most powerful factor that stimulates ventilation.
  1. Know the importance of O2, CO2, H+ and pH in stimulating ventilation.
  1. Know how hyperventilation affects O2, CO2, H+ and pH levels.
  1. Know how CO2, H+ and pH levels relate
  1. Know what atmospheric pressure does in exchanging air during inspiration
  1. Know what the function of surfactant is.
  1. Know what hemoglobin does.
  1. Know what is meant by Hb-oxygen dissociation or affinity.
  1. Know how carbon monoxide affects Hb affinity.
  1. Know the order of inspiration from the first to the last step.  (Stop and think it through. What must happen first before anything else can occur.   Then what must happen next.)
  1. Know the order of expiration from the first to the last step. (Stop and think it through. What must happen first before anything else can occur.   Then what must happen next.)
Respiratory Volumes