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Final AP II

Digestion
  1. Know what these terms mean
  1. Digestion
  2.  Mastication
  3. Ingestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Secretion
  6. Deglutination
  7. Bolus
  8. Chyme
  1. Know where food goes from the time it enters the mouth until it leaves.
  2. Know the order of the organs.
  3. Know which organs belong to the digestive tract.
  4. Know the different stages of swallowing.
  5. Know what is digested in the mouth & what enzyme is involved. (What material does that enzyme work on)
  6. Know what is digested in the stomach & what enzyme is involved.
  7. Know what a bolus is & where is it created.
  8. Know what is peristalsis is and what direction each muscle moves.
  9. Know what happens when these muscles contract.
  10. Know what is released by:
  1. Chief cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Parietal cells
  1. Know where the function of:
  1. HCl
  2. Pepsin
  3. Pepsinogen
  4. Salivary amylase
  5. Bile
  1. Know what chyme and where it is created.
  2. Know how the sphincters in the stomach prevent regurgitations and what happens when the sphincters are weak.
  3. Know the phases of gastric secretion.
  4. Know what is digested and absorbed in the small intestine.
  5. Know what is absorbed in the large intestine.
  6. Know the layers of the digestive tract from the mucosa to the serosa (in order).
  7. Know the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on digestion.
  8. Know the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.

 

Endocrine System
  1. Know what the definition of a hormone is
  2. Know what are the primary targets, why is it released and what are the effects of:
  1. Growth Hormone –Releasing Hormone
  2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
  3. Prolactin-Releasing Hormone
  4. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
  5. Human Growth Hormone
  6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (in males & females)
  7. Luteinizing Hormone (in males and females)
  8. Estrogen
  9. Progesterone
  10. Testosterone
  1. Know what the receptor tissue needs to respond to a specific hormone.
  2. Know the endocrine functions of the:
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior Pituitary
  3. Adrenal Gland
  4. Ovary
  5. Testes

 

Reproductive

  1. Know the stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis

  2. Know what are the similarities between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

  3. Know what are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

  4. Know why are the testes are outside of the body.

  5. Know when and why menstruation occurs (What triggers it and when does it start).

 

Development
  1. Know where fertilization takes place.
  2. Know what cleavage is.
  3. Know when the fertilized ovum becomes a zygote, an embryo and a fetus.

 

Urinary System
  1. Know the function of a nephron.
  2. Know the parts of a nephron:
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
  3. Renal corpuscle
  4. Proximal Tubule
  5. Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle
  6. Ascending Limp of the Loop of Henle
  7. Collecting Duct
  1. Know the exact sequence of these structures
  2. Know what creates the osmotic gradient at the loop of Henle
  3. Know what is meant by the countercurrent mechanism and where does it occur.
  4. Know the stages of urine formation.
  5. Know what the term Tm means and what happens when a substance in the fluid is higher than its Tm.
  6. Know what factors affect the glomerular filtration rate.
  7. Know how high and low blood pressure affect the glomerular filtration rate
  8. Know the location and the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Electrolyte and Acid/Base Balance
  1. Know what the relationship is between CO2, H+ and pH
  2. Know this reaction:

CO2 + H20  ->  H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-

In order to answer some of the questions you will want to be able to write this out.

 

Respiratory
  1. Know what the volumes and the capacities of the lung are.
  1. Tidal Volume
  2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
  3. Expiratory Reserve Volume
  4. Residual Volume

  1. Know how these volumes are graphed.

  2. Know what internal respiration is and what happens to carbon dioxide and oxygen

  3. Know what external respiration is and what happen to carbon dioxide and oxygen.

  4. Know what stages are necessary to supply the body with oxygen.

  5. Know what mechanism that causes the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. (ie active transport, facilitated diffusion, etc)

  6. Know what structures make up the respiratory membranes

  7. Know what factors stimulate ventilation.

  8. Know the importance of O2, CO2, H+ and pH in stimulating ventilation.

  9. Know how hyperventilation affects O2, CO2, H+ and pH levels.

  10. Know what the function of surfactant is and what happens when there is not enough.

  11. Know how carbon monoxide affects Hb affinity.

  12. Know the order of inspiration from the first to the last step. (Stop and think it through. What must happen first before anything else can occur. Then what must happen next.)

  13. Know the order of expiration from the first to the last step. (Stop and think it through. What must happen first before anything else can occur. Then what must happen next.)

 

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Control of the Cardiac Cycle
  1. Know how to trace the path of blood through the heart.
  2. Know what the cardiac cycle refers to.
  3. Know what happens during a cardiac action potential and refractory period.
  4. Know how this differs from a skeletal muscle action potential.
  5. Know what structures are involved in the conduction system of the heart and what do they do.
  1. What does the SA node do?
  2. What does the AV node do?
  3. What does the bundle of His do?
  4. What do the Purkinje fibers do?
  1. Know what is the sequence of excitation.
  2. Know what happens to the heart during an ECG recording?
  1. What does a P wave record?
  2. What does the QRS wave record?
  3. What does the T wave record?
  1. Know how the heart rate be increased extrinsically.
  1. What is the affect of the sympathetic system on heart rate?
  2. What is the affect of the parasympathetic system on heart rate?
  3. What does the vagal nerve do?

Blood Vessels
  1. Know the function and structural differences of:
  1. Veins
  2. Arteries
  1. Know how vasodilatation and vasoconstriction occur and how does that affect blood pressure.

(Know what changes take place in the smooth muscle of the vessel)

 

Cardiac Relationships
  1. Know the definitions, how to relate and what factors affect:
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Stroke volume
  3. Peripheral resistance
  4. Blood pressure
  5. Heart rate

I am not interested in specific numbers. I want to know things like what happens to blood pressure when resistance increases. Knowing the equations will not be enough. (That does not mean there will be no questions on the equations)

  1. Know what happens to stroke volume when the heart rate dramatically increases. Does this affect any other factor?

 

Blood
  1. Know the problems with ABO and Rh +/- transfusions.
  2. Know the problems with Rh+/- pregnancies.

 

Immune & Lymphatic Systems
  1. Know what is the first line of defense.
  2. Know what is the second line of defense.
  3. Know what the defense mechanisms are.
  4. Know the function or causes of:
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
  1. Know the steps of inflammation.
  2. Know what antibodies are
  3. Know what cell mediated and humoral immunity involve
  4. Know what passive immunity and active immunity are.  (Be able to identify examples)
  5. Know what are the functions of:
  1. Plasma cell
  2. Memory Cell