APII Study Guide Home Page

 

Review Practical 2  AP II

Renal, Respiratory, & Cardiovascular

 

Be able to identify and know the functions of the following glands, organs & structures. Be able to identify the histology slides that are listed.

Look at the models and the slides

(Know what is it, where can it be found & what does it do)

Structures marked by *can show up on the sheep kidney, sheep pluck, cow & sheep heart

 

Urinary System

Kidney

 

  1. Know the path of urine formation from the glomerulus to the ureter to the urethra.
  2. Know the difference between the ureter and the urethra

Gross Anatomy

The anatomy you need to know includes: (Be able to identify it & know what each structure does)

  1. Blood vessels (Also know the direction of blood flow)
  1. renal artery
  2. renal vein
  3. afferent arteriole
  4. efferent arteriole
  5. peritubular capillaries
  6. glomerulus
  1. Nephron
  1. bowman’s capsule
  2. glomerulus
  3. distal tubule
  4. proximal tubule
  5. loop of Henle (nephron loop): descending and ascending
  6. collecting duct
  1. Kidney
  1. *cortex
  2. *medulla
  3. *pelvis
  4. *capsule
  5. *major calyxes
  6. *minor calyxes
  7. *renal hilus
  8. renal pyramids
  9. renal columns
  10. *ureter
  1. Bladder
  2. Urethra

 

Histology

  1. Kidney
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s Capsule & Glomerulus
  3. Nephron Tube
  1. Ureters/Urethra/Bladder
  1. Mucosa layer
  2. Smooth muscle layer

 

Respiratory System

Respiratory System

 

  1. Know the difference between the systemic and the pulmonary circulation
  2. Know what the bronchial circulation is

Gross Anatomy

The anatomy you need to know includes: (Be able to identify it & know what each structure does)
  1. nasal sinus
  2. pharynx
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  1. uvula
  2. epiglottis
  1. laryngopharynx
  1. *larynx
  1. thyroid cartilage
  2. vocal cords
  1. *trachea
  1. *tracheal cartilage
  2. *glottis
  1. *primary bronchi
  2. *lung
  1. lobes: (right & left)
  1. superior lobe
  2. Inferior lobe
  3. middle lobe (right only)
  1. Fissures between the lobe (name them)
  2. pulmonary artery
  3. pulmonary vein
  4. pulmonary hilus
  5. cardiac notch
  1. Alveoli
  1. Type 1 cells
  2. air duct

 

Histology

  1. Lung
    1. Alveoli
    2. Type 1 cells
  2. Trachea
    1. Mucosa
    2. Submucosa
    3.  Hyaline Cartilage
    4. (Compare to esophagus)

 

 Heart

 

  1. Compare the structure of atrioventricular and semilunar valves. How does each function to prevent the backflow of blood?
  2. Know the meaning of the terms Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit, and Coronary circuit
  3. Know which vessels carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood to or from the heart

  4. Know why is there a difference muscle size between the left and right ventricles

  5. Be able identify and trace the flow of blood through the heart, noting the following structures:

Cardiac Anatomy

  1. *right atria
  1. *tricuspid valve
  2. *chordae tendinae
  1. *left atria
  1. *mitral valve (bicuspid)
  2. *chordae tendinae
  1. *right ventricles
  1. *pulmonary semilunar valve
  1. *left ventricle
  1.  *aortic semilunar valve
  1. *septum
  2. coronary vessels
  1. coronary sinus
  2. anterior interventricular artery
  3. great cardiac vein
  4. middle cardiac vein
  1. aorta
  2. superior and inferior vena cava
  3. pulmonary arteries (is the blood oxygenated or not)
  1. pulmonary trunk
  2. 4 pulmonary arteries
  1. pulmonary veins (is the blood oxygenated or not)
  2. layers
  1. pericardium 
  2. epicardium
  3. endocardium
  4. myocardium

 

Cardiac Histology

  1.  Cardiac Muscle
  1. Contractile myocardium
  1. Intercalated discs

 

Circulatory System

Be able to identify each vessel listed and  know what  structure it serves does

 Remember your skeletal system and regional terms

  1. Know what the difference is between an artery and a vein

 

Vessel structure

 
Vessels

  1. Tunica interna
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
  4. Vasa Vasorum

 

  1.  Aorta

  1. aortic arch
  1. brachiocephalic artery
    1. right common carotid artery
    2. right subclavian artery
  1. left common carotid artery
  2. left subclavian artery
  1. descending aorta
  1. Head and neck

Arteries (right & left)
  1. common carotid artery
  2. external carotid artery
  3. internal carotid
  4. circle of Willis

Veins (right & left)

    1. external jugular vein
    2. internal jugular vein
    3. common jugular vein

 

  1. Arm & Shoulder

Arteries (right & left)

  1. subclavian artery
  2. axillary artery
  3. brachial artery
  4. ulnar artery
  5. radial artery
  6. palmer artery

Veins (left & right)

  1. cephalic vein
  2. radial vein
  3. medial vein
  4. ulnar vein
  5. basilic vein
  6. median cubital
  7. cephalic vein
  8. subclavian vein
  9. basilic vein
  10. brachial vein
  11. axillary vein
  12. subclavian vein
  1. Thorax

Arteries

  1. aortic arch
  2. descending aorta
  1. thoracic aorta
  2. abdominal aorta
  1. vertebral artery
  2. left & right iliac arteries
  3. celiac trunk

Veins

  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. left & right iliac  veins

 

  1. Leg

Arteries (left & right)

  1. common iliac artery
  2. internal iliac artery
  3. external iliac artery
  4. femoral artery 
  5. popliteal artery
  6. anterior tibial artery
  7. posterior tibial artery
  8. posterior fibular artery

Veins (left & right)

  1. anterior fibular vein
  2. posterior tibial vein
  3. great saphenous vein
  4. small saphenous vein
  5. posterior fibular vein
  6. popliteal vein
  7. external iliac vein
  8. internal iliac vein
  9. common iliac vein