Endocrine System Study Guide

Gland	Hypothalamus
Hormone	Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone	Prolactin Releasing Hormone	Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone	Somatostatin	Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Protein/ Steroid	Protein	Protein	Protein	Protein	Protein	Protein	Protein
Ý Stimulated by	Low Estrogen	High Estrogen	Level of gonadal hormones	High stress & low gluco- corticoids	Low thyroid stimulating hormone level	High, level of growth hormone in blood	Low level of growth hormone in blood
ß Inhibited by			Level of gonadal hormones	High gluco- corticoids	High thyroid stimulating hormone
Target	Anterior Pituitary
Effects on target	Inhibits Prolactin	Release of Prolactin	Release of Gonadotropins FSH & LH	Release of Adreno- corticotropic Hormone	Release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone	Inhibits Growth Hormone & Thyroid Stimulating Hormone	Release Growth Hormone
Ý Too Much Hormone	Too little prolactin	Too much prolactin	Too much FSH & LH	Too much ACTH	Too much TSH	Too little growth hormone & TSH	Too much growth hormone
ß Too Little Hormone	Too much prolactin	Too little prolactin	Too Little FSH & LH	Too little ACTH	Too little TSH	Too much growth hormone & TSH	Too little growth hormone

Gland	Anterior Pituitary
Hormone	Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone	Prolactin	Luteinizing Hormone Gonado- tropin	Follicle- Stimulating Hormone Gonadotropin	Adrenno- corticotropic Hormone	Thyroid Stimulating Hormone	Human Growth Hormone
Protein/ Steroid	protein	protein	protein	protein	protein	protein	protein
Ý Stimu- lated by	Cortico- tropin Releasing Hormone	Prolactin- Releasing Hormone	Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone	Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone	Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone	Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone	Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (insulin-like growth factor)
ß Inhibited by	Dopamine release from the Hypo- thalamus	Prolactin- Inhibiting Hormone	Gonadal hormone feedback	Gonadal hormone feedback	High gluco- corticoids	Somatostatin (feedback of high thyroxine)	Somatostatin
Target	Skin (Neuro- transmitter)	Mammary Glands	Testes & Ovaries	Testes & Ovaries	Adrenal Cortex	Thyroid Gland	Muscle Bones
Effects on target	Darkening of the skin	Milk production	Release of gonadal hormones	Develop sperm & eggs	Release of gluco- corticoids	Stimulates release of thyroid hormone	Increase cell division, protein synthesis
Ý Too Much Hormone	Too much pigment	Improper milk production			Too much gluco- corticoids	Too much thyroid hormone	Gigantism Acromegaly
ß Too Little Hormone	Low pigment levels	Insufficient milk productions		infertility	Too little gluco- corticoids	Too little thyroid hormone	Progeria Pituitary Dwarfism

Gland	Posterior Pituitary		Hypothalamus
Hormone	Antidiuretic Hormone	Oxytocin	Antidiuretic Hormone	Oxytocin
Protein/ Steroid	Protein	Protein	Protein	Protein
Ý Stimulated by	ADH from the hypo-thalamus	Oxytocin from the hypo-thalamus	High solute levels in the blood	Positive feedback of Oxytocin & Gonadal Hormones
ß Inhibited by	Low solute levels in the blood	Gonadal Hormones	Low solute levels in the blood	Gonadal Hormones
Target	Kidney Tubules	Uterus Mammary Glands	Posterior Pituitary
Effects on target	Reabsorption of water	Uterine contractions Milk letdown	Storage & release of ADH	Storage & release of oxytocin
Ý Too Much Hormone	High blood pressure	Early labor	High blood pressure	Early labor
ß Too Little Hormone	Excessive urination	No labor	Excessive urination	No labor

Gland
Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

Parathyroid
Thyroid

Hormone
Epinephrine

Norepine- phrine

Gonado- corticoids

Androgens

Gluco- corticoids

Cortisol

Mineralo- corticoids

Aldosterone

Parathyroid Hormone

Calcitonin

Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine & Triiodo- thyronine

Protein/ Steroid

Protein

Steroid

Steroid

Steroid

Protein

Protein

Protein

Ý

Stimulated by

Sym- pathetic Nervous System

ACTH

ACTH

& blood volume

ACTH

& low blood volume

Low blood & calcium levels

Low blood calcium levels
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

ß

Inhibited by

Parasym- patheitc Nervous System

Low ACTH

High levels of cortisol

High blood volume

High blood &

calcium levels

High blood calcium levels

Feedback of thyroxine levels

Target
Heart & peripheral vascular system (& other)

Various tissues

Various tissues

Kidney tubules

Skeleton, Kidneys, Intestine

skeletal system
Most organs

Effects on target
Metabolism, heart rate, & blood pressure

Onset of puberty & axillary hair

increase

gluconeo- genesis

Reabsorb Na+

(& water)

Osteoclast activity,

Ca++ reabsorption

increases osteoclast activity

glucose oxidation and temperature

Ý

Too Much Hormone

Rapid heart rate, hyper- glycemia

Masculinization in females; early puberty males

Cushing’s disease, hyper- glycemia

High blood pressure and loss of K+

Hyper- parathyroidism softening of the bones

Hyper- thyroidism

ß

Too Little Hormone

Addison’s disease, hypotension

Addison’s disease

Hypo- parathyroidism muscle twitches & death

Goiter Cretinism

Gland
Thymus

Pineal Gland

Testes

Ovaries

Pancreas

Hormone
Thymo- poietins

Thymosins

Melatonin

Testosterone

Progesterone

Estrogen

Insulin

Glucagon

Protein/ Steroid

Protein

Protein

Steroid

Steroid

Steroid

Protein

Protein

Ý

Stimulated by

Low

lympho- cytes

Daytime

Gonado- tropins

FSH & LH

levels

FSH & LH

levels

High glucose levels

Low glucose levels

ß Inhibited by

High lympho- cytes

Night-time

Gonado- tropins

FSH & LH

levels

FSH & LH levels

Low glucose levels

High glucose levels

Target
Red bone marrow

Hypo- thalamus

Various tissues & reproductive organs

Uterus

Ovaries

Cell membranes, muscle, & fat

Liver

Effects on Target
Production of T cells

Rhythmic variations

Secondary sex characteristics & sperm production

Changes in the uterine mucosa

Egg production

Stimulates membrane transport of glucose

Breakdown glycogen into glucose

Ý

Too Much Hormone

Hypo- glycemia

Hyper- glycemia

ß

Too Little Hormone

Infertility

Infertility

Diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia

(Low blood sugar)

Gland Adipose Tissue
Skin

Kidney
Placenta
Gastro- intestinal

Heart

Hormone
Leptin

Chlolecalciferol

(Vitamin D)

Erythro- poietin
Estrogen Pro- gesterone Human Chronic Gonado- tropion
Digestive hormones

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Protein/ Steroid

Protein
Steroid Protein Steroid Protein Protein

Ý

Stimulated by
Glucose Uptake Pregnancy

ß

Inhibited by

Target Central nervous system
Liver, kidney, & small intestine
Red bone marrow

Uterus

mammary glands

Other tissues

Digestive system
Kidneys, & adrenal cortex

Effects on target
Produces sensation of satiety

Vitamin D to absorb Ca++ from the diet
Production of red blood cells
Maintain pregnancy
Breakdown of foodstuff
Blood pressure & Na+ concentration

Ý

Too Much Hormone

ß

Too Little Hormone

Anemia

APII Study Guide Home Page

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Gland	Adrenal Medulla	Adrenal Cortex			Parathyroid	Thyroid
Hormone	Epinephrine Norepine- phrine	Gonado- corticoids Androgens	Gluco- corticoids Cortisol	Mineralo- corticoids Aldosterone	Parathyroid Hormone	Calcitonin	Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine & **Triiodo- thyronine**
Protein/ Steroid	Protein	Steroid	Steroid	Steroid	Protein	Protein	Protein
Ý Stimulated by	Sym- pathetic Nervous System	ACTH	ACTH & blood volume	ACTH & low blood volume	Low blood & calcium levels	Low blood calcium levels	Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ß Inhibited by	Parasym- patheitc Nervous System	Low ACTH	High levels of cortisol	High blood volume	High blood & calcium levels	High blood calcium levels	Feedback of thyroxine levels
Target	Heart & peripheral vascular system (& other)	Various tissues	Various tissues	Kidney tubules	Skeleton, Kidneys, Intestine	skeletal system	Most organs
Effects on target	Metabolism, heart rate, & blood pressure	Onset of puberty & axillary hair	increase gluconeo- genesis	Reabsorb Na+ (& water)	Osteoclast activity, Ca++ reabsorption	increases osteoclast activity	glucose oxidation and temperature
Ý Too Much Hormone	Rapid heart rate, hyper- glycemia	Masculinization in females; early puberty males	Cushing’s disease, hyper- glycemia	High blood pressure and loss of K+	Hyper- parathyroidism softening of the bones		Hyper- thyroidism
ß Too Little Hormone			Addison’s disease, hypotension	Addison’s disease	Hypo- parathyroidism muscle twitches & death		Goiter Cretinism

Gland	Thymus	Pineal Gland	Testes	Ovaries		Pancreas
Hormone	Thymo- poietins Thymosins	Melatonin	Testosterone	Progesterone	Estrogen	Insulin	Glucagon
Protein/ Steroid	Protein	Protein	Steroid	Steroid	Steroid	Protein	Protein
Ý Stimulated by	Low lympho- cytes	Daytime	Gonado- tropins	FSH & LH levels	FSH & LH levels	High glucose levels	Low glucose levels
ß Inhibited by	High lympho- cytes	Night-time	Gonado- tropins	FSH & LH levels	FSH & LH levels	Low glucose levels	High glucose levels
Target	Red bone marrow	Hypo- thalamus	Various tissues & reproductive organs	Uterus	Ovaries	Cell membranes, muscle, & fat	Liver
Effects on Target	Production of T cells	Rhythmic variations	Secondary sex characteristics & sperm production	Changes in the uterine mucosa	Egg production	Stimulates membrane transport of glucose	Breakdown glycogen into glucose
Ý Too Much Hormone						Hypo- glycemia	Hyper- glycemia
ß Too Little Hormone				Infertility	Infertility	Diabetes mellitus	Hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar)

Gland	Adipose Tissue	Skin	Kidney	Placenta			Gastro- intestinal	Heart
Hormone	Leptin	Chlolecalciferol (Vitamin D)	Erythro- poietin	Estrogen	Pro- gesterone	Human Chronic Gonado- tropion	Digestive hormones	Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Protein/ Steroid	Protein	Steroid	Protein	Steroid			Protein	Protein
Ý Stimulated by	Glucose Uptake			Pregnancy
ß Inhibited by
Target	Central nervous system	Liver, kidney, & small intestine	Red bone marrow	Uterus mammary glands Other tissues			Digestive system	Kidneys, & adrenal cortex
Effects on target	Produces sensation of satiety	Vitamin D to absorb Ca++ from the diet	Production of red blood cells	Maintain pregnancy			Breakdown of foodstuff	Blood pressure & Na+ concentration
Ý Too Much Hormone
ß Too Little Hormone			Anemia